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《望星楼通书》的前世今生（中英文版）
来源：岩口镇　 时间：日 　 作者：
《望星楼通书》的前世今生
彭 如/图文
有一种民间历书从手抄本到定稿刻板成书，相沿至今四百余年，该书只有普通的黄纸封面,然而它在民间却是一本畅销书,年发行量上百万册,它就是湖南第三批省级非物质文化遗产名录之七十: 《望星楼通书》. 目前正在深度挖掘，准备申报国家级非遗。该书的几代编著者台前幕后留下了许多轶闻轶事:
编著《望星楼通书》的作者们就是曹王李明(李世民第十四子)后裔, 据&&车塘李氏族谱》记载，明洪武四年，始祖德昌(祖二公)自江西湖茫迁徙宝庆西邑车塘铺(今隆回县周旺镇车塘铺村)，他是曹王李明的第23代嫡裔。由于武后专权等缘故，本支先祖避险弃仕，有人凭借皇宫历书经世谋生，到木刻本《望星楼通书》面世，已绵延40多代，其中不乏天象地舆术士。如族谱记载第40代&学楚讳朝业，堪舆医卜星命，无不通晓&；第41代&秉禅讳占春，潜心地理，寻龙黠穴，得行家要诀&；第42代&公桥讳向荣，意志超卓，精习堪舆&。他们的若干经验几经手抄流传，为正式编辑通书打下了基础。在这种氏族文化背景下，第43代李靖臣结合祖辈经验编辑出版了木刻版《望星楼通书》，第45代李馥生续撰推出了《望星楼正宗通书》。
李靖臣()，字人霖，出身于读书世家，性格倜傥，为文清真，少年应童子试，名列诸生前茅，复试时因写错一字而落榜。从此对功名利禄日渐淡薄，放弃科举仕途。逐师从房叔李公桥，潜心天文。公桥逝后，靖臣曾几度到很多地方拜师深造，结识北方天象术士庾虎生，当时庾虎生正准备编辑印刷历书，靖臣加盟后即以蓝本推出。
不料咸丰九年(1859)，翼王石达开围攻宝庆，兵蹂车塘，叔叔李公坤为救乡民捐躯，叔叔逝去，靖臣虽被钦赐世袭云骑尉，但给了靖臣重大打击，于是立志从此不再求功名，苦心攻读诸子百家之书，并拜房叔李公桥(字向荣)为师，研习天文、舆地、医命，和阴阳八卦等实用技能，由于聪慧，或与此道有缘，两年后就能在本地独立行事。是年，他第一次远离家乡，独闯江湖，从宝庆到衡阳、广州、广西，一路以算卦为生，一边寻觅高人切磋。
李靖臣真是初出牛犊不怕虎，利用八卦、奇门等玄学，为云贵总督魏光焘(隆回司门前人)平扫贵县周边匪寇分析战局，献计献策，屡力战功,与光焘友谊不断加深。终因战事多变，还是出现了一些失误，靖臣恐怕耽误光焘的大好前程，便以自己功力有限、必须再认真研习，待日后功力有成、再来为兄长效力而辞去。
回到家乡后，李靖臣一边在滩头柏水教书，一边继续从事历学研究。他把观天象作为通书编辑的基础。每月的初一、十五都得观察月亮亏盈，每年的八月初一、初二、初三，必须洗手净身，烧纸焚香，彻夜伫立望星楼上，仔细观察整个天体，对照东南西北中五个方位，详细记录日月星辰及其颜色变化，为历书编辑做足基础准备，以真正预测来年收成及指导人们行事忌宜。观测地点一般是在望星楼上，有时也去隆回最高峰&&白马山观测。他较早采用当时最为科学的弧角算法，运用地域经纬学说，通过多年探索著成通书手稿。清朝光绪年间，他将冬水塘自家楼房辟为编印馆，组织人马编印黄本历书。因编撰历书需上观俯察，便借用骆宾王《久客临海有怀》诗里的&天涯非日观，地岜望星楼&，将编印馆命名为望星楼，其历书取名为《望星楼通书》。他预测的滩头城冲肖姓人家建房&园垛之日披蓑衣&、为母亲卜筑的&双龙抢宝&地，出神入化，令人叹为观止。
《望星楼通书》封面为黄色。按照历朝所颁历书大体固定格式，正文以农时、节气为主，其中逐日注有百姓日常生产生活中的行事宜忌，为人们日常行事提供了趋吉避凶之参考。特别是考虑了地球经纬，能准确推算出我国二十四节气及日月食的发生时刻，同时，通书还对全年气候进行了预告，对人们的生产生活进行了科学指导，随后成了农家破土开耕、抛粮下种的必备之书，由于推算准确，深受民众欢迎。
甲午战争爆发，魏光焘奉特旨，在宝庆组织三千威武军北上抗倭时，曾邀李靖臣前往军中参事，靖臣以家小难离婉谢。
光绪二十六年(1900)十月，魏光焘荣任云贵总督。自西北启程赴任，次年二月达到车塘铺，次日席间，光焘又邀靖臣同去云贵军中，靖臣再次以家小难离、《望星楼通书》产业可保生计而谢绝，光焘不解，靖臣为何屡驳我意，是否还有其他隐情，或是有惧军中刀光剑影?管他如何，先验证一下再说，于是使卫兵朝靖臣的坐凳下猛开一枪，靖臣顿时十分惊慌，不由滑落在地。看到靖臣不具虎胆，军中之事难尽其才，人各有志，不可勉强，光焘于是提议将《望星楼通书》到云贵扩大发行。此前，《望星楼通书》一般是通过周旺、滩头人们在云贵地区卖红纸，捎带推销一些。现在有总督帮助，靖臣连忙拱手致谢。九月间，靖臣到贵州销售通书时，特意拜访光焘，光焘拨冗手书一纸，交与属下操办，使《望星楼通书》当年的发行量增加三成多，还接到多个下年的购书合约。
光绪二十八年(1902)十一月，光焘调任两江总督，赴任取道家乡，还想再会靖臣，到达车塘时，恰巧靖臣不在家，光焘感到无比遗憾，只好留下书信，告诉靖臣，他已赴任江宁(今南京)，尔后有事尽可惠书云云。次年八月，新一年的《望星楼通书》出版，李靖臣特意挑选十册外观精美的通书，托宝庆城里的好友带去南京，面交光焘，内附书信一封，恳请光焘为通书赠序，促通书销售再开新局。
星书得益于光焘的大力推荐，在云贵销售已呈洛阳纸贵之势，而今又扩大到了浙江、福建等地，李靖臣事业如日中天，功力出神入化，蜚声南方各省。
李靖臣育有二子五女，曾有两个徒弟，一为胡启赞，一为李馥生，馥生为族侄孙。1921年5月，李靖臣染重病，意欲授业。由于自己的儿子文化不高，难于继业，便将历书编辑精髓传给族侄孙李馥生。李馥生当即发誓，愿保师祖后裔三代衣食无忧，否则遭天雷火烧，绝子灭孙，从此接管了《望星楼通书》产业，并将望星楼历书编印事业推向高峰，
李馥生接管后，将封面改为李馥生氏《望星楼正宗通书》，编辑风格未作大的改动。封二附有魏午庄、冯天柱赠序、李靖臣原序，还有春牛芒种图、八卦图、地母经等。为了防止假冒盗版，在书后附有《明辨野子启》和《著书大誓愿》。现在正宗的望星楼通书封面冠以李馥生真本《望星楼正宗通书》。
李馥生()，派名佑琦号尚文。八岁启蒙读私塾，后就读于周旺镇文昌小学。1913年考入宝郡师范学校，毕业后回乡师从族叔祖靖臣公习学天文地理。此后又不断研读大师蒋太鸿的著作，将七政四余融入历书，使历书更臻完善，推出《望星楼正宗通书》，并将编印馆搬到邵安公路旁(今320国道)。他所编印的《望星楼通鉴》、《万年历通书》等历学著作，成为当时历学界的经典，畅销海内外，经他精选的&武冈花园桥&、&武冈县衙大门&修造的开工时辰等，技压群芳，世人叫绝，云贵地区群众盛赞他为&半神仙&。曾有武冈县长专门派轿接他去测算，民国南京行政院参事冯天柱也仰慕其名，&挚亲之丧，走书求诸李君，所占候风雨阴晴，不差晷刻&，以后还欣为赠序。
解放前，李馥生的女婿周健(佩卿)、族叔李俊臣等参与通书编印，得到馥生的亲自指导。车塘铺土地改革后，李馥生被划为地主。因为成分太高，以致1971年患背花后，无人愿意为他治疗。后族叔李俊臣冒着风险秘密为之治疗，馥生很受感激，于是将通书的编印精髓传给李俊臣。以后，李俊臣传子李天伦，李天伦传子李可爱。李馥生自接管通书产业以来，因为两个儿子都死于非命(一个果真遭雷击死亡，一个不慎在水库淹死)，自己也命运坎坷，感到是忽略了对师祖后人的照顾所致，必须带个回门徒弟以践诺言，于是，又将秘诀传给师祖李靖臣的侄玄孙李书亮。上世纪八十年代后，李书亮又跟李俊臣研习多年。
由于望星楼历书名气较大，引起了国民政府的高度重视。1934年，时任南京行政院参事冯天柱特为《望星楼正宗通书》赠序。
新中国成立后，人民政府没收了李馥生的编印馆、刻印设备，通书刻印一度中断。部分历学书籍被女婿周佩卿带去武汉，佩卿大学毕业分配去衡阳，正值湘水猛涨，书籍在渡船时不慎散落江中。1962年7月，外地有人出价3000元，要李馥生重新编写&星书&，他冒着风险又编写了两年。后来李馥生因历史问题被判刑三年。他编撰的《望星楼正宗通书》也被视为封建迷信的书籍遭到查封。文化大革命中，李馥生多次受到批斗，1976年因病逝世。
此后，每年有人冒以&车塘铺&&李馥生氏&名义出版《望星楼正宗通书》，或称是馥生密传，授业某某。据了解，凡这些书的作者，大多是曾帮馥生刻印&星书&的手工艺人，或买去部分木刻板的邵东人士，他们是否得到真传，尚未可知。
1980年改革开放，大地复苏。李氏后人继承先祖遗愿，恢复刊印《望星楼正宗通书》。并采用铅字印刷，后又采用电子排版印刷，使通书印刷质量比以前的木版印刷有了较大的改观。鉴于《望星楼正宗通书》具有较高的历史和科学价值，2008年以来，在隆回县文化部门的大力支持下，《望星楼正宗通书》经过李可爱、李书亮的精心整理编写，作为政府非物质文化遗产，重新在车塘铺出版。
(本文在写作过中得到靖臣房侄玄孙李鹏程先生提供资料,在此表示谢意)
Blocks of Astrodome Almanac
图为&&望星楼通书&&印刷板刻
Inside text of hand-copied Astrodome Almanac
图为&&望星楼通书&&手抄本内文
Electronic typesetting printed Astrodome Almanac
图为&&望星楼通书&&电子印刷版
Hand-copied books of Astrodome Almanac
图为历年&&望星楼通书&&手抄本
《望星楼通书》的前世今生
彭 如/图文
Anecdote Of Astrodome Almanac
Peng Ru / picture & wring
There is a folk calendar which has existed for more than 400 years from its hand-copied form to its finalized, block-printed edition. The book, which has only common yellow paper covers, is so popular among folks that its annual circulation amounts to one million copies. It is Astrodome Almanac, the 70th item in the third list of Hunan provincial non-material cultural heritage. Now the work of further excavation is gong on to apply for the title of national non-material cultural heritage. Generations of compilers of this book left behind many anecdotes.
The compilers were offspring of Kill Cao Li Ming (Emperor Li Shiming&s 14th son). According to the Pedigree Of Li Clan In Chetang, in the 4th year of Emperor Hongwu&s reign in the Ming Dynasty, the early ancestor (the 2nd forefather) De Chang migrated from Humang, Jiangxi to Chetangpu (now Chetangpu Village, Zhouwangpu Town, Longhui County) west of Baoqing. De Chang was the 23th generation offspring of Li Ming. Because Emperor Wu Zetian monopolized power, Li Ming&s future generations abandoned being officials and hid among folks in order to avoid danger and made a living by means of the royal calendar. From then to the time when the woodblock printed Astrodome Almanac appeared, the book went through over 40 generations, among whom there were experts of astrology and geomancy. For example, &Xue Chu, also named Zhao Ye, 40th-generation son, had a good knowledge of medicine, astrology and geomancy&, according to the pedigree. The 41st-generation & Bing Chan, with the other name of Zhan Chun, was absorbed in geomancy and got the secrets of practicing it.& The 42nd-generation &Gong Qiao, also named Xiang Rong, had an outstanding ambition and studied geomancy closely.& Their experiences were passed on by hand-copying for generations, which laid a foundation of compiling the book. Thus, influenced by the clan culture, the 43rd-generation Li Jingchen published woodblock Astrodome Almanac, combining their experiences with his own. The 45th-generation Li Fusheng continued compiling and published Orthodox Astrodome Almanac.
Li Jingchen (), also named Li Renling, was born in a well-known family of scholars. He had charming dissolute personalities and his writing was upright and just. As a child, he took the first place in the primary official examination. But he failed the reexamination because he wrote a wrong character on the test sheet. Afterwards, he slowly lost his interest in fame and gain and finally gave up climbing onto official stage through imperial examinations. Then he followed his uncle Li Gongqiao as his teacher to study astrology and astronomy absorbedly. After Gongqiao&s death, he traveled to many places to look for teachers for further study. He got acquainted with astrologist Yu Husheng in the north when Yu was preparing editing and printing a calendar. Jingchen joined in with his almanac in the form of original version.
Unexpectedly, in the ninth year(1859)of Emperor Xianfeng&s reign, Wing King Shi Dakai besieged Baoqing.The soldiers ravaged Chetangpu. His uncle Li Gongkun laid down his life in order to save the villagers. After that Li Jingchen was imperially granted a hereditary position of army officer, but due to the serious strike he was determined not to seek official positions but to study hard the theories of all ancient scholars and philosophers. He followed his family Uncle Li Gongqiao as his teacher to learn and practice practical techniques like astrology, astronomy, geomancy, medicine, Yin and Yang and the Eight Diagram. He was clever and predestined to be interested in them. After two years, he was able to practice by himself. The next year, he left home for the first time and traveled far away from Baoqing to Hengyang, Guangzhou and Guangxi, making a living by fortune-telling while looking for learned people to learn from by exchanging views.
Li Jingchen showed his talents in the beginning. By applying such special metaphysics as the Eight Diagram, Ying and Yang and mysterious culture, he helped Governor Wei Guangtao (coming from Simenqian, Longhui County) of Yunan-Guizhou provinces analyze the battlefield situation of suppressing the bandits around Gui County. He made suggestions and achieved exploits for many times. His friendship with Wei Guangtao became deeper and deeper. But because battle situations were changeful, he suffered some failures. He was afraid that his error might have an negative effect on Wei Guangtao&s bright future. So he resigned, saying that he was limited in ability and had to learn further. He promised to return to render a service when he was fully learned later.
Back home, Li Jingchen taught at Tantou, while pursuing studies of calendar. He considered observing astronomical phenomena as the basis of editing his almanac. Every 1st and 15th days of the month, he had to watch the moon, and every 1st , 2nd and 3rd of August, he must wash his hands and clean his body, burn incense, and stand in his astrodome the whole night, observing the celestial bodies and contrasting them. He took detailed notes of the changes of their positions and colors, making enough basic preparations for his almanac, which would be used to predict the coming year&s harvest correctly and guide people&s activities beneficially. His observing site was generally in the astrodome, but sometimes he climbed up to the highest spot in Longhui------White Horse Peak. He applied then the most scientific arc-angle algorithm and the theory of terrestrial longitude-latitude. Through many years& exploration, he accomplished the manuscripts. During Emperor Guangshu&s years in the Qing Dynasty, he made his own house at Dongshuitang a editing-printing house and organized workers to print yellow-covered almanac. He named the editing-printing house Wangxinglou (meaning star-watching tower, equivalent to astrodome ) and the book Wangxinglou Tongshu (Astrodome Almanac), after the words &star-watching tower& in a poem Thoughts While Sojourning In Linghai by Luo Bingwang. His divination of the outcome of Xiao family&s house-construction at Chengchong Village in Tantou was magic and amazing, acclaimed as the peak of perfection. And so was his selection of his mother&s tomb site & two dragons grabbing for treasure&.
Astrodome Almanac had yellow covers. It is organized following the fixed format of the almanacs published in the former dynasties. The main body is about farming seasons and solar terms, annotated on each day with suggestions of what should be done and what should not in people&s everyday life. The book provides references for people to tend towards auspiciousness and avoid disaster. Especially, the book calculates the accurate happening moments of the twenty-four solar terms and eclipses； at the same time the book predicts climate throughout the year.and also gives scientific instructions for people&s farming and living. It is a necessary book for farmers to plow, seed and plant. Due to its accurate divinations, the book is very popular with people.
When the Sino-Japanese Jiawu War broke out, Wei Guangdao was ordered by the Court to raise a troupe of 7000 fighters in Baoqinhg to go north to resist Japanese invaders. Wei invited Li Jingchen to be his military counselor, but Jingchen declined politely, saying that he had difficulty leaving his family.
In October of the 26th year of Emperor Guangshu&s rule, Wei Guangtao was appointed governor of Yunan-Guizhou provinces. On the way to go to his position from the Northwest, he paused at Chetangpu the next February. At the dinner table, Wei invited Jingchen to serve in his army. Again, Jingchin declined saying that that he could not leave his family and that his printing business could support the family. Guangtao was puzzled. Why did he refused his invitation again and again? Did he have some secret? Or was he afraid of fighting with a sward? He wanted to prove his guess. Then he ordered a guard to shoot towards under his seat suddenly. Jingchen got scared and fell off onto the ground. Seeing that Jingchen was not brave and therefore could not make a military talent, Guangtiao did not insist, but suggested promoting Astrodome Almanac in Yunan-Guizhou provinces. Earlier, the book was sold there in a small number by Tantou people who traded red paper. Jingchen delivered thanks immediately for the governor&s help. In September that year, Jingchen went to Guizhou to sell his almanacs. He specially visited Guangtao, who wrote an instruction and ordered his subordinates to manage. As a result, the circulation volume increased by 30%, and furthermore, Jingchen received contracts for next year&s purchase.
In November of Emperor Guangshu&s 28th year, Guangtao was transfered as governor to Jinagsu-Jiangxi provinces. He went to his official post via his hometown. He wanted to meet Jingchen. When he arrived at Chetang, Jingchen was out. Regretting a lot, he left a letter telling Jingchen that he had gone to his office in Jiangning (now Nanjing) and that he could write to him if he needed any help.Next August, the newly-edited Astrodome Almanac was published. Li Jingchen selected ten fine-covered copies and left them to a friend who was asked to hand the books to Guangtao face to face. Enclosed was a letter earnestly requesting Guangtao to write a preface for the book and help open a new market.
Thanks to Guangtao&s strongly recommendation, Astrodome Almanac sold very well in Yunan-Guizhou provinces. It even extended to Zhejiang , Fujian and other places. Li Jingchen&s career was in its glory, like the sun shining brilliantly in the middle of the sky. Li&s capacity came superb and his fame spread all over southern provinces.
Li Jingchen brought up two sons and five daughters. He had two disciples, one named Hu Qizan and the other named Li Fusheng who was his clan grandnephew. In May,1921, Li Jingchen suffered a serious disease. He had intended to instruct his sons. Due to his own sons& little schooling, it would be hard for them to continue his business. He had no choice but to leave the quintessence of editing calendar to his grandnephew Li Fusheng. Li Fusheng immediately vowed to ensure that the master&s three future generations would have no worry about a well-off life, otherwise he would be struck by thunder and would have no offspring. After he took over the business, the publishing industry of Astrodome Almanac was pushed to summit.
After his taking over, Li Fusheng changed the title of the book for Li Fusheng's Orthodox Astrodome Almanac, but the original editorial style was not greatly changed. Inside the front cover were prefaces by Wei Wu,zhuang and Feng Tianzhu, Li Jingchen&s original foreword, the picture of Ox Plowing In Spring, the Eight Diagram and so on. To prevent piracy, Directions For Distinguishing Piracy and the Grant Vow Of Writing The Book were enclosed at the end. Today the current authentic book is titled with Li Fusheng's Orthodox Astrodome Almanac.
Li Fusheng (), also named You Qi and Shang Wen, started learning in a private school at eight. Later he attended Wenchang Primary School of Zhouwangpu. In 1913 he was admitted to Normal School Of Bao County. After graduation he followed his clan granduncle Jingchen in studying astronomy, astrology, geography and geomancy. Then he kept reading Master Jiang Taihong&s works. He blended Jiang&s theory in his book, making it perfect. Then he launched Orthodox Astrodome Almanac and moved the editing-printing house to the side of Shao-An High Boad (now No.320 national highway). Books compiled by him, such as General Astrodome Almanac, Ten-Thousand-year Almanac, became popular classics at that time and were sold home and abroad. He selected the starting times of the construction of Wugang Garden Bridge and the gate of Wugang County office building.These and others were absolutely wonderful, better than any one else. Because of this, he was called Half-Celestial Being. Once a Wugang County chief specially sent for him to make divination. Feng Tianzhu, Senator of the State Council of the Republic also admired him, saying, & I once sent a letter for Mir.Li to predict the weather of the days when my diseased parent&s burial ceremony would happen. His prediction was accurate. Feng even wrote a preface gladly for his almanac.
Before liberation, Li Fusheng&s son-in-law Zhou Jian ( also named Pei Qing), clan Uncle Li Juncheng joined in the compiling and printing work.They got personally instructed by Li Fusheng. After the land reform, Li Fusheng was classified as a landlord, for which reason no one would like to treat him when in 1971 he suffered a tumor in the back. Later, his clan Uncle Li Juncheng treated him secretly at a risk. Li Fusheng was so grateful that he taught the essence of editing books to Li Juncheng who then passed it to his son Li Tianlun, who in turn passed it to his son Li Ke&ai. After Li Fusheng took over the almanac industry, his two sons died an unnatural death ( one struck to death by lightning, the other accidentally drowned in the reservoir) and he himself also suffered a lot. He felt this was because he ignored taking care of his master&s offspring. So to keep his promise, he took in one of them as an apprentice and taught the secrets to Li Jingchen&s great grandnephew Li Shuliang. After the 1980s, Li Shuliang followed Li Juncheng for years of further study.
After the founding of New China, the people's government confiscated Li Fusheng&s printing house and engraving equipment. The printing was halted at one time. Some of the calendar books were taken to Wuhan by Zhou Peiqing. After graduation, Zhou was sent to Hengyang to work.On his way, it was raining and the Xiangjiang River was fiercely flooding. When he was crossing on a boat, the books scattered falling off into water. In July 1962, someone bid $3000 for Li Fusheng to rewrite the &book&.He took risks to write for two years. Later Li Fusheng was sentenced to three years due to historical issues. Orthodox Astrodome Almanac he compiled was also viewed as a feudal superstition book and was forbidden. During the Cultural Revolution, Li Fusheng was targeted for many times and died of illness in 1976.
From then, every year someone or another pretended to the name of &Li Fusheng's& to publish Orthodox Astrodome Almanac, or pretended to be imparted or instructed secretly by Li Fusheng. According to some survey, all the authors of these books were mostly handcraftsmen or people from Shaodong County who bought some of the woodblocks. Whether they attained the genuine instructions, remains to be seen.
In1980 the reform and opening up began., The earth recovered spring. Li's future generations inherited ancestral will and restored the publishment of Orthodox Astrodome Almanac, first applying lead character printing and then using electronic typesetting printing, whose quality is much better than that of early woodblock printing. In view of its high historical and scientific value, from 2008, with the support from cultural units in Longhui County, Orthodox Astrodome Almanac, recompiled carefully by Li Ke&ai and Li Shuliang, was republished at Chetangpu, as the non-material cultural heritage. (translated by Yi Daoqun)
(Acknowledgment: thanks to Li Jingchen&s great great grandson Li Pengcheng for his providing materials in the course of writing this article) (本文在写作过中得到靖臣房侄玄孙李鹏程先生提供资料,在此表示谢意)
The authors address: Yankou Town, Longhui County
Phone number:
Peng Ru: member of China Folk Artist Association, member of the 8th CPPCC of Longhui County
作者地址:隆回县岩口镇岩口村
作者简介:彭如, 中国民间文艺家协会会员, 湖南省第六次民间文艺家协会代表, 现任隆回县第八届政协委员
稿件单位：
（责任编辑：刘敏华）
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