美国最高法院英文介绍_法律英语_VOA英语网
美国最高法院英文介绍
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The Supreme Court&&The Highest Judicial Authority最高法院&&最高司法机关
The Supreme Court is comprised of nine justices who are appointed to the bench for life, or until voluntary retirement. They are appointed by the President and must be confirmed by the U.S. Senate.
A Case's Path to the Supreme Court
While the Supreme Court may choose to hear cases directly, it most often selects cases that have been decided in lower courts. Participants in cases decided in lower courts can appeal to their state's highest or Supreme Court. If all state venues are exhausted, litigants may appeal to the United States Supreme Court, the highest court in this country. Some cases may begin in federal courts at the start3 , and these can also end up here.
The nine justices choose which cases to take from those submitted to the Supreme Court. They can refuse to consider a case, accept a case for oral argument, or decide the case summarily without a hearing4. Each of these routes has an effect on the law. the decision not to hear a case allows a lower court's ruling to stand as precedent, or guiding law for other states. The court often decides that a case should be heard in circumstances in which two or more lower courts have decided differently. This &split& in the opinions of lower courts is common in highly charged issues. In this circumstance, the court acts as final arbiter on a difficult issue.
The Final Decision && The Majority Rules
The Supreme Court cases that are heard for oral argument are decided by a majority of the justices accepting one theory or opinion of the elements of the case. Basically, the side
that's why most cases have numbers like 7: 2 or 5: 4 that let us know how many judges voted for or against a particular case8. When there is no clear majority, the resulting decision is called a plurality opinion. It is the interpretation that receives more votes than any other opinion.
One justice usually writes the opinion for the majority, while others may write dissenting opinions collectively or on their own. Justices who sign on to either the majority or minority opinion may also add their own opinions, singularly and collectively, that augment the group opinion.
The 9 Justices
Today's Court is made up of justices nominated to the bench by Presidents Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, George Bush and Bill Clinton. The youngest justice is 54; the oldest, 82. The current Court is closely divided between &conservative& and &liberal& elements.
最高法院由九名大法官组成，他们都是终身任职制，除非他们自愿退休。他们由美国总统任命，并经美国参议院批准。
最高法院审理案件
最高法院可以直接选择审理案件，但是它经常会选择审理初级法院曾经审理过的案件。初级法院审理案件的当事人可以向州最高法院或者最高法院提起上诉。如果州的司法途径被用尽，诉讼当事人可以将案件上诉到美国的最高法院。一些案件的初审可能会在联邦法院，它们同时也可以在联邦级法院进行终审。
九名法官会从上诉到最高法院的案件中有选择地进行审理。他们可以拒绝审理一个案件，可以受理案件并进行口头辩论，还可以不经过听证粗略地对案件进行裁决。所有这些都会对法律产生影响：不经最高法院审理的案件的判决可以使初级法院的裁决成为先例，或者指导其他州的法律的执行。最高法院经常裁定，只有同一案件在两个或者更多的初级法院作出不同裁定的时候，才应该对这一案件召开听证会。在许多引起强烈争论的问题上，许多初级法院意见相左。在这种情况下，最高法院就这些难以处理的问题作最后的裁决。
终审判决&&多数原则
最高法院受理的案件经口头辩论，由接受一种理论或者案件要素的法官的多数来决定。基本上，得到多数票的一方赢得诉讼；这就是为什么许多案件的判决结果会写明7：2或5：4，因为这样我们可以知道多少法官同意或者反对该案件的判决结果。当没有绝对半数通过时，判决结果称之为多数意见。它只是一个比其他意见赢得更多票数的解释。
一名法官通常会代替大多数法官撰写意见，其他人则共同地或单独地撰写不同意见。持多数派意见和持少数派意见的法官们都可以在判决书中加上他们自己的意见。
现在最高法院的法官是由里查德&尼克松、杰拉尔德&福特、罗纳尔德&里根、乔治&布什和比尔&克林顿总统们任命的。最年轻的法官是53岁，最年长的法官是81岁。目前法院的法官明显分成保守派和自由派。
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Latest NewsVOA慢速英语:美国食品药品管理局质疑抗菌香皂的安全性
FDA Questions Safety of Antibacterial Soaps
美国食品药品管理局质疑抗菌香皂的安全性
From VOA Learning English, this is the Health Report.
这里是美国之音慢速英语健康报道。
One of the best ways to avoid getting sick is washing your hands with soap and water. It has been shown effective in removing harmful germs and preventing their spread. Some companies have gone to great lengths to manufacture germ-killing products like antibacterial soaps.
避免生病最好的办法之一是用香皂和清水洗手，这已经被证实可以有效去除有害细菌并防止其传播。一些公司一直不遗余力地生产杀菌产品，如抗菌香皂。
In the United States, a federal agency recently called on the makers of such soaps to prove they are more effective than traditional soap and water.
美国一家联邦机构最近要求这类香皂的制造商证明它们比传统香皂和清水更为有效。
美国联邦卫生监管机构质疑在美国销售的75%的香皂和沐浴液中发现的杀菌成分的安全性
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) said the widespread use of antibacterial soaps may be partly to blame for an increase in rising rates of drug-resistant bacteria, some evidence have suggested the products may even be harmful to your health.
美国食品药品管理局(简称FDA)表示，抗菌香皂的广泛使用可能是耐药菌不断增加的部分原因。有些证据已经表明这类产品甚至可能会损害您的健康。
The FDA has proposed that manufacturers be required to prove that antimicrobial soaps lower rates of disease more than other soaps. It would also require the companies to show how these cleanser do more good than harm.
美国食品药品管理局已经提出，制造商必须证明抗菌香皂减少致病率比其它香皂更强。它还将要求这些公司展示出这类清洁用品如何利大于弊。
FDA officials estimate there are about 2,000 antimicrobial soaps on the market. People may think such products do a better job protecting them from getting sick, however, some studies suggest long-term use of the products can affect hormone levels and may be linked to cancer.
美国食品药品管理局官员估计市场上大约有2千种抗菌香皂。人们可能认为这类产品可以更好地防止他们生病，然而，一些研究表明，长期使用这类产品会影响激素水平，同时可能和癌症有关。
The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) has taken legal action against the FDA for letting companies use the chemicals triclosan and triclocarban in soaps.
美国自然资源保护委员会(简称NRDC)已经针对美国食品药品管理局允许有关公司在香皂中使用三氯生和三氯卡班等化学用品采取法律行动。
Mae Wu is a lawyer with the group. &I think it's a great for start.& But soap industry representatives say they do not understand the FDA proposal.
吴美(Mae Wu)是该组织的一名律师。她说，&我认为这是一个伟大的开始。&但香皂行业代表称，他们不理解美国食品药品管理局的提案。
In a statement, the Personal Care Products Council says it has already given in-depth data to the government. It says the information shows that antibacterial soaps are more effective in killing germs when compared with non-antibacterial soap. It also says the soaps do not add to resistance of antibiotic drugs.
在一份声明中，美国个人护理产品委员会表示，它已经向政府提交了一份深入的数据，有关资料表明，抗菌香皂在杀菌方面比非抗菌香皂更有效。它还表示，这些香皂不会增加抗生素药物的耐药性。
Sandra Kweder is the Deputy Director of the FDA. She says her agency's move is an attempt to learn the benefits of using antibacterial products and their possible risks.
桑德拉&奎德尔(Sandra Kweder)是美国食品药品管理局副局长。她说该机构的行动是为了了解使用抗菌产品的优点及其可能的风险。
If the proposed rule is approved, soap manufacturers would have to carry out studies showing their products are safe and more effective than plain soap.
如果该提案被通过，香皂制造商就不得不进行研究以表明其产品是安全的，并且比普通香皂更为有效。
If approved, Ms Kweder expects the rule would take effect in 2016.
奎德尔女士表示，如果提案通过，她预计该规定将于2016年生效。
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